The Need for Simplification of the English Language as...

In his piece â€Å"Politics And The English Language†, George Orwell, best known for his allegorical satire Animal Farm and dystopian novel 1984 (Orwell), makes his case that modern day English is â€Å"ugly and inaccurate†, and must be simplified in order to be perceived as necessary dialect. He also adds that many modern day pieces have two commonalities, one being the staleness of imagery and the second being the lack of precision. Next, he gives examples of how writers, especially when dealing with politics, have a variety of the same tactics and have lead to â€Å"having a meaning and cannot express it†. These tricks include dying metaphors, operators or verbal false limbs, pretentious diction and meaningless words. The abuse of these tactics has†¦show more content†¦Orwell goes on to mention language in politics and how it is a â€Å"mass of lies† (p.786). He establishes that his concern with the language in politics is most alarming to him and states â€Å"This mixture of vagueness and sheer incompetence is the most marked characteristic of modern English prose, and especially of any kind of political writing† (p.779). A trend that is noticed throughout his piece is the social conditions and how it can affect ones language. Our surroundings, if negative, will have an effect on the way language is used. He makes the case that it becomes ugly and inaccurate because out thoughts are foolish, but the slovenliness of our language makes it easier for us to have foolish thoughts (p.788). His logical explanation centers on the five passages that were presented in the beginning of his piece, and he continues to reflect upon it throughout with the most significant issue being the author’s lack of meaning. His logical argument seems to be his strongest point. It is apparent that Orwell’s pathos argument is not as strong as his logos argument. However, he does use stories and testimonials to support his case . For instance, he gives an example from the book of Ecclesiastes and translates a passage of good English into modern English of the worst sort (p. 783). We see here the type of English that Orwell has an issue with. The effect of modern day English leads Orwell to believe that is piece

Notes on Colonialism and Imperialism - 1489 Words

Chapter 33 Notes * Foundations of empire * Motives of imperialism * Modern imperialism * Refers to domination of industrialized countries over subject lands * Domination achieved through trade, investment, and business activities * Two types of modern colonialism * Colonies ruled and populated by migrants * Colonies controlled by imperial powers without significant settlement * Economic motives of imperialism * European merchants and entrepreneurs made personal fortunes * Overseas expansion for raw materials: rubber, tin, copper, petroleum * Colonies were potential markets for industrial products * Political motives * Strategic purpose: harbors and supply stations for industrial†¦show more content†¦* Island plantations produced sugarcane, copra, guano * The emergence of new imperial powers * U.S. imperialism in Latin America and the Pacific * The Monroe Doctrine, 1823: proclamation by U.S. president James Monroe * Opposed European imperialism in the Americas; justified U.S. intervention * United States purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867 * Hawaii became a protectorate in 1875, formally annexed in 1898 * The Spanish-American War (1898-99) * United States defeated Spain and took over Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines * United States backed Filipino revolt against Spain, purchased and took over the colony *Show MoreRelatedEssay on The Rise of Empire: British Imperialism1463 Words   |  6 Pagesan Empire which affirmed its spiritual and temporal independence. 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My Location Free Essays

My favorite location would have to be the Seawall In Sundae Okinawa, Japan. The Seawall can impact all your senses if you let it. This location impacts a few of my senses, sight, sound, and smell. We will write a custom essay sample on My Location or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is basically a wall 2 and half miles in length, and about 7 minutes away from the base, It gets better, right there In scenic view next to the ocean. How it impacts my sight is that it’s an awesome dive spot especially those who are beginners at diving. Once you suit up with the various gears for scuba diving, the wet suit, goggles, buoyancy control device, regulator, compass and alarm anus, you submerge in the blue water of the sea of the wall. Visibility under the water can get to 30 to 50 feet on a clear day and sometimes it depends on the weather and tide prior to the day you dive. I remembered my first dive as If It was yesterday; during my certification I saw the various wild life animals at 60 feet under sea water (SF). The wild life includes, bright colored coral, which was a mixture of mostly red, yellow, green, and pink. Sea creatures like octopus and squid that comes out only at night, you can also see crabs, tapeworms, and tropical fish. Looking at all his and feeling weightless at 60 feet under water is a very relaxing feeling one would have to experience. After a dive heading back up the steps of the Seawall your sense of smell is awaken to the delicious smell of Japanese cuisine coming from the restaurants. My stomach would immediately start to grumble, the aroma of the favorable Japanese food would distract me, and cravings would begin for tertiary foods that you wouldn’t even have time to change from your wet suit. Your eyes and stomach promptly lead you to the nearest restaurants for an afternoon cuisine. Either sitting on the Seawall or sitting from one of the restaurants and enjoying the sound of the ocean, the waves crashing against the wall can be used as a good stress reliever. When I’m trying to cope with stress at the end of the day will go sit on this wall and hearing the sound of the ocean puts my mind at ease. As if I close my eyes I think I’m on vacation, I can dream, can’t I? The Seawall in Sundae is a main attraction, sometimes I wish I had one of the apartments Just a stone throw away from it. The Seawall can stimulate all the senses if you let It. I see people Jog along the walls to improve themselves for a healthier lifestyle. You can see peoples holding hands at night admiring the stars, watching, and listening to the water crashing along the walls. Divers use It as one of the perfect spots for entering the water calmly and getting a closer look at the marine life. For me it stimulates my senses as well as many people on the island of Okinawa. My Location By unmanning My favorite location would have to be the Seawall in Sundae Okinawa, Japan. The about 7 minutes away from the base, it gets better, right there in scenic view next to diving, the wet suit, goggles, buoyancy control device, regulator, compass and air theater and tide prior to the day you dive. I remembered my first dive as if it was mostly red, yellow, green, and pink. Sea creatures like octopus and squid that comes foods that you wouldn’t even have time to change from your wet suit. Your eyes and a good stress reliever. When I’m trying to cope with stress at the end of the day I will close my eyes I think I’m on vacation, I can dream, can’t l? Stone throw away from it. The Seawall can stimulate all the senses if you let it. I see water crashing along the walls. Divers use it as one of the perfect spots for entering How to cite My Location, Papers

Managing Change

Question: Write an essay on "Change Management Strategies". Answer: Introduction The essay discusses the change management strategies that can be employed in an organization setting to introduce innovation (Awad et al. 2013). In this paper, a plan has been discussed for introducing Telehealth services in a health care organization i.e. the Mental Health Division of St. Vincents Hospital. The adoption of change management strategies and innovation are interrelated phenomenon (Cho et al. 2012). If the organization introduces innovative processes or services within the organization, the existing organizational structure would be affected and require change. Innovative ideas can be implemented within the organizations by introducing change (Cameron and Green 2015). Change management concept Change management can be defined as a process of bringing required changes in the way employees within an organization undertakes various roles and responsibilities (Mitchell 2013). The desired changes within the organization can be brought by introduction of new policies, procedures, and methods that people follows to perform a task or responsibility (Hayes 2014). Hence, change management can be understood as a procedure or a guiding principle that enables the people in the organization to prepare and equip themselves for the change process.The process change management is initiated after observing the type of changes that are required. There are different types of changes in the organization such as operational change, strategic change, cultural change and political change (Benn et al. 2014). Further, change management can be divided in two types; employee change management and organizational change management. Change management consists of three important stages understanding the nature of change, planning the change management process, and implementing and communicating the change. First, the organization needs to understand what changes it wants to achieve, for instance, the implementation if Telehealth services at Mental Health Division of St. Vincents Hospital are an innovation that the organization wants to implement. Once the nature of change is understood, the hospital administration is required to plan various strategies to implement the desired change and communicating the requirement, benefits of change and expectations from the employees in making the change a success (Oreg et al.2013). Change management and diffusion of innovation Diffusion of innovation on the other hand aims at explaining how, why and at what rate new technology or ideas can be implemented in an organization (Cho et al. 2012). Diffusion is the process by which an innovation is spread and communicated within the organization (Cummings and Worley 2014). In this study, the organization has implemented Telehealth services as an innovative solution for patients. In order to, successfully implement the innovative solution, the organization needs to communicate the desired changes to the staffs and other stakeholders and device strategies to implement the change in defined period(Awadet al.2013). Further, to implement the change (innovation), social systems plays crucial role (Hayes 2014). Social systems include external influences such as mass media, government mandates; and internal influences such as change agents and/or opinion leaders (Hornstein 2015). In order to implement Telehealth services in the Mental Health Division of St. Vincents Hospital, internal influences will have greater influence to make the desired change in the organization (Benn et al.2014). Opinion leaders are well known individuals in the organization that have the ability to influences the opinions of others on the subject matter for which opinion leaders are known. Similarly, change agents are individuals who are experts typically experts in their domain and can bring desired changes in the organization by providing counseling, training, and assisting other individuals in the organization to achieve desired level of change to implement the innovation (Cho et al. 2012). Outline of the change management process In order to implement change the organization has to develop strategies to introduce change in a systematic manner so that there are no resistances and the desired results achieved (Benn et al. 2014). There are different approaches to change management but the overall objective of change management process is to communicate and prepare employees for implementing desired change so that there is little resistance from the employees and the new process or system (innovation) are effectively incorporated into the organization (Becker et al. 2013). Proposed change management structure of Lippitts seven step change theory: Lippitts seven-step change management theory is focused on the role of a change agent (Cummings and Worley 2014). The organization has implemented the right change after observing the key requirements of change. There are seven different phases in Lippitts seven phase structure. Phase 1: The managers have to identify the issues of the existing management structure and develop the requirement of the change management structure. The organization has identified Telehealth, which is to be implemented (Emani et al.2012). Phase 2: The managers establish the change relationship in the management structure. The managers motivate the employees and identify the capacity of the organization for change (Mitchell 2013). Phase 3: The managers evaluate have evaluated the resources of the health care organization. The administrative has motivated the managers for the change agent (Tedeschi 2013). Phase 4: after that, the managers define the progressive stage of change for the management structure (White 2016). Phase 5: The managers ensure the role and responsibility of the change agents (White 2016). Phase 6: The managers maintain the change in the management structure through communication, feedback and group coordination (White 2016). Phase 7: The managers gradually remove the change agent from the relationship. The changed part thus becomes the part of the management structure (Cummings and Worley 2014). Change management structure through the ADKAR model The ADKAR model is based on the five key strategies to implement change within an organization (Awadet al. 2013). This model can be used by the organization to ensure Telehealth services are effectively implement and incorporated. This model presents five stages that can be used by the organization to implement Telehealth services in the organization (Mitchell 2013) Awareness: employees (or people) who are affected by the change must be made aware about the reason of change (Hornstein 2015). In order to create awareness about the implementation of Telehealth services, the management can conduct brainstorming session, focus group interviews and personal interviews to educate the employees and solicit desired responses from them. Desire: desire refers to engaging employees in the change process to minimize any possible resistances (Hornstein 2015). It is human tendency to resist change, similarly in the St. Vincent Hospital, not all the employees would welcome change. Therefore, it is important for the management to develop strategies to induce desire for change among the employees; this can be achieved by implementing motivational programs to boost employee desire to participate in the change process. Knowledge: knowledge refers to imparting required level of skills and knowledge about the change through coaching or training (Hornstein 2015). Sometimes, employees resist change because they think that they do not possess the desired skills that would be required after implementing an innovative idea or change in the organization. However, the management can easily eliminate such resistances by providing special training to employees to develop skills that would be required for implementing change process. Ability: is implementing the change and developing required skills to ensure its success (Hornstein 2015). Other then training, management can prepare its own capabilities by being innovative and developing a learning organization to keep resources updated and thereby, staying ahead of competitors. Reinforcement: It refers to ensuring the desired change is maintained, it includes evaluation of effectiveness of change and taking correcting actions if required (Hornstein 2015). Once the new process is successfully implemented into the organization, the management is required to take evaluative measures to identify the extent of change is accepted by the employees. Further, the management is also required to devise strategies to prevent the situation of slipping back to the earlier condition Kotters 8 step change model Another model of change that can be used by the organization to implement proposed change (Telehealth services) in the organization is Kotters 8-step model discussed below Step 1: Create Urgency By creating urgency, the organization can influence and motivate its employees to understand the importance of desired change and solicit positive responses from them to initiate change process (Kotter 2012). Step 2: Form a powerful coalition It is convincing people that change is necessary. This stage requires organizational leaders, opinion leaders or change agents to communicate and convince employees that change is important and leading them through the change process so as to avoid resistances (Kotter 2012). Step 3: Create a vision for change this step requires developing values central to change and developing strategies to execute the change (Kotter 2012). Stage 4: Communicate the vision once the change vision and strategies are formulated, it is important to communicate that vision to the employees so that they can understand the management point of view (Kotter 2012). Stage 5: Remove Obstacles This stage includes identifying possible areas of resistance, employing the services of change leaders, and developing strategies to overcome such obstacles (Kotter 2012). Stage 6: Short-term wins change is a long term and continuous process; therefore, it is important to create short-term targets and rewarding employees once these short-term targets are achieved. This motivates employees and assists in achieving desired change (Appelbaumet al.2012). Stage 7: Build on the change Once the desired levels of change are achieved, it is important to take actions to build upon on that change. Change is a continuous process and requires constant up-gradation (Kotter 2012). Stage 8: Anchor the change in corporate culture Finally, to make the change stick, it should become part of organization core culture, therefore, it is important to make sure that organizational leaders are continue to support change (Hickman and Ojo 2014). Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that change management is a long term and continuous process. In order to implement Telehealth services into the Mental Health Department of St. Vincent Hospital, the management has to understand change management models and role of change agents and opinion leaders. The administrators of the health and social care organization have implemented the change management strategy. The management has followed Lippitts seven-phase structures and ADKAR model. In addition, Kotters eight step change model has also been discussed that can be utilized by the management to bring desired change into the organization. The change management structure will help the healthcare organizations to redevelop the workforce structure and improve the service of the organization. Reference list: Appelbaum, S.H., Habashy, S., Malo, J.L. and Shafiq, H., 2012. Back to the future: revisiting Kotter's 1996 change model.Journal of Management Development,31(8), pp.764-782. Awad, R., Sherratt, S. and Jefferies, M., 2013.Proposing a new model for organizational change management.Change Management: An International Journal,12(3), pp.17-28. Benn, S., Dunphy, D. and Griffiths, A., 2014.Organizational change for corporate sustainability.Routledge. Cameron, E. and Green, M., 2015.Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change.Kogan Page Publishers. Cho, Y., Hwang, J. and Lee, D., 2012. Identification of effective opinion leaders in the diffusion of technological innovation: A social network approach.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,79(1), pp.97-106. Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014.Organization development and change.Cengage learning. Emani, S., Yamin, C.K., Peters, E., Karson, A.S., Lipsitz, S.R., Wald, J.S., Williams, D.H. and Bates, D.W., 2012. Patient perceptions of a personal health record: a test of the diffusion of innovation model.Journal of medical Internet research,14(6), p.e150. Hayes, J., 2014.The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. Hickman, S. and Ojo, O., 2014. Implementing Early supported discharge, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Community, Primary care, Multidisciplinary team, Change management, Kotter's 8-step Model.GSTF Journal of Nursing and Health Care (JNHC),1(1). Hornstein, H.A., 2015. The integration of project management and organizational change management is now a necessity.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), pp.291-298. Kotter, J., 2012. The 8-step process for leading change.Kotter International. Mitchell, G., 2013. Selecting the best theory to implement planned change: Improving the workplace requires staff to be involved and innovations to be maintained. Gary Mitchell discusses the theories that can help achieve this.Nursing Management,20(1), pp.32-37. Oreg, S., Michel, A. and By, R.T. eds., 2013.The psychology of organizational change: Viewing change from the employees perspective. Cambridge University Press White, K.M., 2016. Change theory and models: Framework for translation.Translation of Evidence into Nursing and Health Care..

Green Pastures The Launch of StaGreen

Executive Summary Hydrocan is a small start-up company that came up with a new lawn product known as StaGreen. Since the company had no professional marketer or marketing department, it needed advice on how to market its product. Hydrocan needed advice how it could identify its target group. Moreover, Hydrocan needed advice on the type of strategy it could use while launching its new product.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Green Pastures: The Launch of StaGreen specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company wanted to know how to position StanGreen in the new market. Therefore, the management of Hydrocan approached Stone Age Marketing Consultants for advice on how to market StaGreen. Therefore, this article analyses the methods that Stone Age used to enable Hydrocan to launch StaGreen successfully. Moreover, it provides recommendation on further marketing strategies that can be used to enhance the marketing pr ocess of the StaGreen. Background Statement of the Problems Hydrocan was seeking to launch StaGreen into the market. Therefore, the company approached Stone Age marketing Consultants for advice. Stone Age marketing Consultants did an analysis on the costs, prices, and mode of communication in order to formulate a comprehensive market launch strategy for StaGreen. In order to achieve their objectives, Stone Age marketing Consultants met with Hydrocan. They outlined StaGreen’s characteristics that distinguished it from other products in the market. Moreover, Hydrocan Company had to identify the target market for StaGreen. Hydrocan hoped to capture customers either in the commercial market or in the consumer market. The marketing consultants saw the need to use different marketing strategies due to the difference in markets. Therefore, they performed a research in order to investigate the viability of either a consumer or commercial launch. Data obtained from the consumer marke t showed that the consumers spent $945 million on gardening products. From this value, consumers spend 620 million dollars on lawn maintenance of which 52% was spent on fertilizers. If Hydrocan wanted to enter this market, it would be competing with firms that manufactured fertilizers (Hale, 1996). The consumer fertilizer market was highly competitive. The top two firms in the industry were Scotts Co. and Ortho Chemicals. These two firms had a market share of approximately 50%. Scotts Co. had the largest market share with two powerful brands. However, research showed that 40% of the consumers had no brand preference (Hale, 1996). Therefore, they relied on store advertisements and staff for advice. Most of the consumers could not recall the manufacturers and brand names. Retailers sold lawn products in the consumer market. Discount stores sold 60% of the fertilizers while 30% of the sales occurred in specialty stores. Home improvement stores sold 10% of the total fertilizer sales (Ha le, 1996). On the other hand, manufacturers of fertilizers utilized 20% of the sales on marketing. Most manufacturers were aware that the consumer market needed exemplary selling skills (Hale, 1996).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Research on the commercial market yielded results showing that the market consisted of 1800 golf courses and some commercial properties. However, the most viable markets are the golf courses. 24% of the total costs spent on maintaining golf courses was spent on fertilizers purchase. Golf courses bought their supplies from small firms that specialize in products designed exclusively for grasses (Hale, 1996). It was extremely hard to convince the golf courses to abandon their preferred brand of fertilizers. However, golf course owners were concerned about pollution caused by fertilizers. Therefore, they were contemplating the use of an alternat ive product. Hydrocan could produce 180,000 kg of Stagreen on monthly basis. They proposed a pricing strategy that reflected the quality of StaGreen. In a case where the company decided to target the consumer market, they would package Stagreen in bags of 10 kg (Hale, 1996). The price of StaGreen would be $22.50 with the variable costs accounting for 52% of the sales. From the sales of StaGreen, discounting stores could take up to 25% mark-up while specialty stores would scrape up to 35% mark-up. In case the company used wholesalers, they would take up to 15% mark-up. The company has fixed costs of 700000 owing to renting equipment and site. Other costs include $ 80,200 to cover administrative costs, $ 20,650 to cover research and development and $ 12,350 accounted for miscellaneous costs. Partners were willing to forgo their salaries. The marketing department was allocated a budget of $555,000. Hydrocan divided this amount among various tasks including seasonal discounts, in-store displays, newspaper advertisement and sweepstakes. Hydrocan plans to use discounts to bait the retailers. Moreover, Hydrocan use discounts in order to reduce the storage costs. The in-store displays would cost the company $250 per display. The purpose of the sweepstake was to increase customers’ awareness on the existence of Stagreen. The company planned to hire 20 workers in the sales department (Hale, 1996). Hydrocan paid a salary of $25,000 to each worker. The duties of the workers would be to sell the product through the different channels. Moreover, the workers offered training through seminars. In case the company decided to target the commercial market, the company had to increase the size of StaGreen’s bag to 50 kg. The selling price per bag would be $150. The company would sell directly to the commercial users or to the wholesalers.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Green Pastures: The Launch of StaGreen specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The variable costs would drop to 40% of the total sales due to the high prices charged in the commercial option. The contribution margin would form 60% the total sales. The fixed costs were to remain relatively the same. On the other hand, the marketing and distribution cost would change because costs related to seasonal discounts, advertising, and sweepstakes would not be applicable (Hale, 1996). However, the company would increase the number of sales representatives to 30 in order to handle the demands of the commercial markets. In addition to this strategy, the company had set aside $100000 for offering free samples. The distribution costs in the market would fall if Hydrocan chose the commercial market. This is because the demand is independent of seasons in the commercial market. Problem Statement Both markets present strong cases. They both have merits and demerits. However, the company faces a decision to start trading as so on as possible. Moreover, they lack sufficient capital to invest in both the commercial and consumer markets unless they showed that they could earn profits. Hydrocan cannot increase their capacity unless they have been operational for at least two years. Therefore, Hydrocan has to choose between the two markets basing their decision on the information provided by Stone Age marketing consultants. Situation Analysis Hydrocan executives are faced with a decision between two competing alternatives. Each of the alternatives has its advantages and disadvantages. Taking the consumer market for instance, they have an advantage of large market. The consumer fertilizer market accounts for 52% of the total sales in lawn maintenance products. Therefore, the consumer sales are approximately $322.4 million. Hydrocan has a good chance of claiming a portion of this market. Another merit that observed in the consumer market is the lack of firmly established brands. The article clearly states that 4 0 % of the consumers have no brand preference (Hale, 1996). Moreover, most of the customers do not remember brand names. In fact, the only established brands in the market are Turf builder and Miracle Gro manufactured by Scotts Co. Both of these products are advertised as maximum growth products and are not necessarily aimed at offering lawn care. Therefore, if Hydrocan invests in this market and establish a brand they can claim a good portion of the market. Moreover, if they ensure that the consumers remember the name of StaGreen brand, Hydrocan may be successful. The fact that consumers do not remember the brand names makes them gullible and easy to capture. With this in mind, the strategy of using a sweepstake to increase awareness is a viable marketing idea.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is because the strategy increases the awareness and captures the attention of the consumers thus making them to remember the brand name. The consumer market also has several distribution channels that enable the companies to reach their customers. This is an advantage to Hydrocan Company since it is entering a new market. Therefore, Hydrocan is not required establish new distribution channels for their products. Hydrocan may also use these distribution channels to ensure that they reduce their storage costs. In addition to all these factors, the major market-share holders are both based in the United States. In this case, Hydrocan has an advantage of establishing itself as a Canadian based brand. Establishment of a local brand will enable Hydrocan to compete with the two major market-share holders. Hydrocan offers a unique product. However, the consumer market also has its demerits. One of the demerits is the fact that the market is highly seasonal. 70% of the total sales take place between the months of April and September. Therefore, this becomes a demerit because, during the other months, the companies will be paying the fixed costs while the business levels are extremely low. The fixed cost may include storage costs rent paid on factory premises, and fixed overheads such as security costs. Moreover, the prospect of using marketing to increase the sales during the period of low sales may not work. This is because seasonality of the gardening industry is due to the weather conditions and not because of consumer preferences or behaviour. In the consumer market, Hydrocan are competing with fertilizer manufacturers. From the article, we learn that the consumer market for fertilizers is highly competitive. Therefore, when Hydrocan launches Stagreen in the consumer market, they should expect tough competition. The probability of beating tough competition when a company is a late entrant is usually very low unless the management of the company comes up with a foolproof marketing strategy. The commercial market has its advantages too. One of the merits is the fact that the use of fertilizers has come under a lot criticism. The golf courses who are the major customers in the commercial market are being criticized for polluting the environment especially the ground water. Therefore, this situation is an advantage to Hydrocan Company since they have a StaGreen. StaGreen is different from the fertilizer offered by different companies. In addition to this, StaGreen is specialized in enhancing growth of grasses used in lawns and golf courses. This is an advantage to Hydrocan since all the other competitors in the market offer fertilizers that specifically nourishes the grasses are small firms or divisions of the larger chemical companies. Fertilizers pollute the underground water. Another advantage in the commercial market is the fact that the companies in this market spend less than 9% of their total sales on marketing. This means that the co mpanies in this market are making high profits due to low expenses. Considering the fact that Hydrocan is a firm in the pioneer stage the concept of reduced market costs will be a relevant option to ensure survival. The other advantage of the commercial is that it is not seasonal. Therefore, companies can trade all year long without high fluctuations in the sales. The ability to trade throughout the year presents the company with an incentive to survive. This is because, as long as they are able to meet their breakeven point, they can manage to keep paying their fixed costs. In the process, they will be trading and establishing a brand for their products. The disadvantages of entering the commercial market also exist. Companies try to build long lasting relations with their customers. This is a challenge to Hydrocan. Moreover, the golf courses are very rigid when purchasing fertilizer. Therefore, it takes tremendous marketing effort to ensure that the golf courses switch brands. Thi s means that, even though Hydrocan is offering a unique product, it will take an enormous amount of effort before they can dislodge their competitors in the market. The market is also considerably smaller than the consumer market and has no distribution channels. Therefore, when entering this market Hydrocan has to establish its own distribution channels. Moreover, they have to dislodge the competitors who hold the 1800 golf courses before they can claim a sizeable amount of the market. Analysis of Alternatives After checking the pros and cons of the options available, it is suitable to analyze the alternative Hydrocan should choose. The two options have in their own advantages and disadvantages. However, it is all comes down to the main objective of operating a business when choosing the market. Hydrocan operate with the aim of making a profit. On the other hand, marketing is a tool used to maximize the profits of any company. In order to decide between the two alternatives in the market, Hydrocan may use models. This article uses porters five forces model. This model operates on the assumption that there are five forces in the market. These forces determine the level of competition expected in the market. These forces include the supplier power, buyer power, competition, and availability of close substitutes and the ease of entry. Therefore, when choosing the market to sell StaGreen, Hydrocan needs to identify the operation of these forces in the market. When utilizing this model, Hydrocan marketers have to compare the two market situations. In the case of supplier power, most of the companies in the consumer market use more or less the same distribution channels that consist of three major players. The discount stores make 60% of the sales. Home improvement stores and specialty stores sell 10% and 30% respectively. In this light of events, we find that the supplier power is not a major determinant when choosing the market to sell Stagreen. This is because a ll companies use similar suppliers. On the other hand, commercial market has no suppliers. Therefore, the power of a company to supply in this market is a major player in determining the sales that companies will make. In the case of buyer power, the consumer market has consumers who purchase commodities can purchase good up to 322.4 million dollars. This represents a significant ability to purchase. However, the buyers can only purchase Stagreen between the months of April and September. This represents a downside in the purchasing power of the consumers. On the other hand, the 1800 golf courses use up to 300,000 to 800000 dollar to maintain the course. 24% of this cost represents cost used to purchase fertilizer. Therefore, the buyer power on this market is also viable. Moreover, they purchase the fertilizers and lawn products throughout the year. Competition in the consumer market is a little bit slack despite the fact that the article indicates there is high competition in the m arket. This is because two of the firms in the industry hold up to 50% of the market. On the other hand, the commercial market has established firms. These firms have developed relations with the clients making it hard for a new entrant in the market to dislodge them. Competition is usually associated with ease of entry. Therefore, the higher the completion the easier it is to enter whereas the lower the competition the harder it is to enter. Therefore, considering the two cases it is easier to sell StaGreen in the consumer market first than in the commercial market. Lastly, in the consumer market the customers are not product specific. They can either use the fertilizers or use StaGreen. This shows that it is easier to enter the consumer market since they can easily substitute fertilizer for Stagreen. On the other hand, the commercial market is product specific, and buyers choose fertilizers according to the effect they have on grass. Therefore, for Hydrocan to enter this market, i t is a compulsory for them to provide fertilizer specifically for grasses. Hydrocan is lucky in the sense that StaGreen is highly specific in enhancing the growth of grass. Therefore, buyer in the commercial market can embrace StaGreen since they are seeking an alternative to fertilizers. Recommendation The recommendations on this article are based on alternative analysis using the Porters five forces model. Basing the argument on pros and cons then it is advisable for Hydrocan to enter the consumer market. This is because it is easier to enter the consumer market due to the high competition level. Moreover, Hydrocan Company does not require a supply channel and the buyer power is extremely high. Another recommendation is that the Hydrocan should desist from entering into the commercial market since the ease of entry is extremely demanding. Logic demands that companies should not try to enter into extremely difficult market situations especially in cases where there is an alternativ e. Therefore, it is advisable for Hydrocan to establish itself in the consumer market first, make profits, then try to break into the commercial market. Conclusion Hydro is a company that has invented a new product known as StaGreen. This product is used in the lawns and gardening sector. Therefore, Hydrocan wishes to commercialize the product. They engage the services of Stone Age Marketing Consultants who provide them with information on the two target markets. Using Porters five forces model, this article determined a suitable market where Hydrocan may start its trading activities. References Hale, T. A. (1996). Green Pastures: The Launch of StaGreen by Hydrocan. Purchasing Management Association of Canada, 4 (2), 127-133 This case study on Green Pastures: The Launch of StaGreen was written and submitted by user Zackery Acosta to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Psychology Research methods essays

Psychology Research methods essays Sobel and Lilliths study into the determinants of nonstationary personal space invasion, sets out to examine and explore the behavior and reaction of subjects whose personal space may be violated or crossed into. The study, which was conducted in April 1974 on 34th street in New York City, examined 116 subjects using 2 observers and 2 experimenters. The notion of bias, both for the authors as well as the observers plays a strong part in this study. Both authors have a preconceived idea of what to expect in the study. The authors have developed hypothesiss to back up their theories before the study has started. This type of bias would influence the way in which the study is carried out. As it is a single blind experiment, the observers know what the purpose of the study is. With the observers being aware of this, they also have a preconceived notion of what to expect. An example of this would be if 4 men pulled off first, to avoid brushing into a female. And there is a discrepancy in a 5th subject who is also a man and who is walking towards a female; the observers would tend to say that the man pulled off first, because the 4 previous subjects adhered to the same criteria. The authors failed to mention the age, gender, race and socioeconomic status of their observers in the article. They also failed to mention the racial background of the experimenters. All the subjects that were used in this study were of middle age, and of middle class background. Each person has a different idea of what a middle class person is supposed to look like, depending on clothing, style of dress, jewelry, etc. The observers are making a judgment based on the outward appearance of the subjects to their socioeconomic status. The authors are also assuming that the majority of people on this selected street will be middle age/middle class people. While this type of behavior pattern might be common in big metropolitan centers like NYC. T...

Exploring the elizabeth age - write about Robert Herrick or Philip Essay

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ECONOMICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

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Transitional Justice in Post-war Societies

Transitional Justice in Post-war Societies Introduction 462 What justice is, who it serves to and what forms it can take are the issues that have been challenging philosophers, legal and political scientists for centuries making them search for answers in religious norms, in the rule of law, or even in fairness itself (Ralws 1985). Reasonably, during the periods of transitions and far-reaching transformations of societies this task nevertheless resembles more a Sisyphean one since what is fair and just in extraordinary political circumstances is determined not from an idealized archimedean point, but from the transitional point itself (Teitel 2000, 224). Since every transition is a highly complex and historically contingent process, the act of tailoring an appropriate response to a repressive past is influenced by a number of factors, such as affected societys legacy of injustice, its legal culture, and political traditions (Teitel 2000, 2019). Nevertheless, not all scholars agree on this, but fully reject the relevance of these and similar f actors, considering the transitional qualifier misleading since it suggests an altered and unacceptable lesser form of regular criminal justice (Olsen, Payne and Reiter 2010, 10). This fault line leads to and further shapes another fundamental debate surrounding transitional justice whether the attitudes toward justice are relevant or not, i.e. whether the purpose of justice will be fulfilled if those who it should serve to do not see it fair. Recognizing a wide scope of political transitions and significant differences among them, this paper attempts to analyse the importance of how justice is perceived in the communities emerging from a violent conflict. Such complex environment abound with perplexity, sentiments, irrational thinking and behaviour undoubtedly prevents us from reaching clean and neat explanations of the relationship between justice and its perceptions, but at the same time reminds us of how vital this relation is to the future of transitional justice including its prospects for improvement. The main argument of this paper is that transitional justice in post-war societies will have limited success and will most likely create new grievances among affected societies if they tend to perceive the exercised justice as unfair. However, we warn against the trap of tautology of any kind and call for further research on the possibility, as well as the necessity of overcoming this inherent weakness of transitional justice in post-war circumstances. Upon setting up the theoretical framework, the paper will analyse in which manner broadly negative perceptions of transitional justice affect the success of its both retributive and restorative efforts and contribute to existing frictions between affected post-war communities. Supporting evidence to proposed hypotheses will be sought in the legacy of International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). Finally, the third chapter will shortly discuss the chances for achieving transitional justice that is widely perceived as fair by the societies emerging from wars. Holistic Approach to Transitional Justice 492 Looking into definitions of transitional justice, one can notice two main approaches (Olsen, Payne and Reiter 2010, 12; Kaspas 2008, Clark 2008), coinciding and echoing the parts of the sentence we discuss in this paper. Offering different, sometimes opposing forms and mechanisms of transitional justice, these approaches differ in the aims they strive to achieve, or at least, in the order of their priorities. A narrower, retributive approach to transitional justice aims to hold perpetrators individually accountable for their wrongdoings, to punish them, and in such way bring justice to victims. Those who advocate for it are therefore primarily concerned about the fairness of the prosecutorial forms of justice (e.g. trials) where fairness is associated with traditional legal standards (Moghalu 2011, 522-524) and they are not much interested in the way justice is perceived. Although the name suggests otherwise, the restorative approach to transitional justice is more forward-looking and it attempts to bring justice by working toward a new inclusive society that addresses the fundamental needs of population (Olsen, Payne and Reiter 2010, 12) through retributive, but also via a wide range of non-prosecutorial mechanisms (truth commissions, reparations, memorialization, etc.) Being concerned about repairing harm and building and healing societies (Lederach 2001, 842), scholars and policy makers arguing for this approach are more concerned about the way these societies perceive transitional justice and tend to value the justice which restores community, rather than the justice which destroys it (Lambourne 2003, 24). In this paper we adopt a rather comprehensive, holistic definition of transitional justice offered by International Centre for Transitional Justice (ICTJ): Transitional justice is a response to systematic or widespread violations of human rights. It seeks recognition for the victims and to promote possibilities for peace, reconciliation, and democracy. (ICTJ 2009, 1) Even though some scholars argue that including both retributive and restorative efforts dilutes the notion of justice (Olsen, Payne and Reiter 2010, 12), we believe that this kind of definition is the most appropriate one for the following analysis for two reasons. First, it does not exclude or favour, but encompasses the aims of both retributive and restorative efforts, thus providing a basis for a more comprehensive analysis of the impact of justice perceptions on all its aims. Second, such a broad definition is suitable for analysing the importance of how justice is perceived in post-war environments since even though it is almost never possible to punish all those who committed crimes nor to recognize all those who suffered during the mass violence, the survivors both victims and perpetrators will have to find their own ways to live together and to deal with the exercised justice, be that in a constructive, ignorant or a destructive manner. Since the aim of this paper is to evaluate the impact of perceptions of transitional justice on its ability to serve its purpose, we will analyse the aims which stand behind restorative and retributive efforts, but not various forms they can take. Retributive efforts 624 Aiming to establish individual criminal accountability and pursuing an idealistic goal of universal legal fairness, the retributive approach to transitional justice neglects the importance, if not the centrality of fairness perceptions and thus jeopardizes a suboptimal goal of legalist justice deterring future wrongdoings.[1] Nonetheless, the capacity of transitional justice to prevent similar offences in post-conflict societies is indeed impacted by these societies attitudes towards exercised justice. The establishment of individual criminal guilt for punishable acts is supposed to mitigate the dangerous culture of collective guilt (Kritz 1999, 169) which threatens by its two equally perilous extremes blaming all members of the rivalry groups only because of their group characteristics or, conversely, falling into if everyone is guilty, than no one is guilty trap. By punishing individuals who purported to act in the name of the whole ethnicity or nation, retributive transitional justice efforts are assumed to dissolute dichotomist perceptions and nihilistic stereotypes which stigmatize entire communities and might lead to a new round of violence (Kaspas 2008, 62) and acts of private revenge. Nevertheless, no matter how successful trials in the aftermath of war might be, their unavoidable selectivity almost inevitably creates an impression of unequal treatment and unfairness among affected communities thus fostering instead of overturning their distorted group-specific conceptions and perceptions of justice (Weinstein and Stover 2006, 11) Hence, if affected communities perceive the exercised justice as unfair regardless of its legal fairness, the truth that trials aimed to establish will remain to be viewed through lenses of societal guilt (Subotic 2011) and not only that trust among communities will not be rebuilt, but more importantly from the aspect of retributive justice their trust in the rule of law will not be restored. Consequently, the deterring capacity of transitional justice will be considerably undermined. Moreover, widely-perceived-as-unfair justice may incentivise new circle of private justice by reifying divides and hostile attitudes which caused violence in the first place (Sriram 2007, 587). The reason for which the perceptions of justice are particularly important in post-war transitions, even more than in any other type of transition, is because these communities are often caught in a security dilemma which tends to get intensified in the aftermath of a war (Posen 1993, 36). If transitional justice is perceived as unfair, it will most likely create new grievances and simply institutionalize group-specific narratives that affect societies shaped by their self-understanding of sources of coercion and repression in past (Teitel 2000, 224), thus encouraging calls for revision and redressing of perceived injustices. Therefore, the attitudes that post-war societies adopt about the exercised transitional justice can not only undermine its deterring efforts, but even turn them upside do wn. This, however, does not mean that widely-perceived-as-fair justice leads to absolute success of retributive efforts it is not the case even in regular circumstances since people are not always rational actors and have different perceptions of costs and benefits, especially when their vital interests are at stake. Nonetheless, this means that deterrence capability of transitional justice is more limited if it is seen as unfair, which is especially dangerous in the transitions from war to peace, when chances for the recurrence of violence are still critically high (Collier, Hoeffler and SÃ ¶derbom 2004). However, the question then arises as whether this technocratic legalism (Sharp 2013, 150) which strives to present justice as neutral and immune to underlying political tensions can ever be sufficiently fair to post-war societies, or some correctives of fairness perceptions are always needed if communities previously in war are to be kept away from a new circle of violence, either o pen or structural. This brings us to the restorative efforts of transitional justice. Restorative efforts 681 Searching for equilibrium between the demands of justice and peace, the primary aim of restorative efforts is a successful transformation of societies previously in war towards more peaceful, inclusive, democratic, or to use an umbrella term reconciled ones (Bloomfield 2006, 16; ICTY 2009, Loyle and Davenport 2015; Uprimny and Saffon, 2006). Since the accomplishment of this aim requires active participation of the communities (even though the focus is on the victims, the involvement of both victims and offenders is equally important) (Kaspis 2008, 64), their attitudes toward exercised transitional justice are of vital importance for successful transformation. Since negative attitudes towards the exercised transitional justice significantly hinder its deterring capacity, it is not hard to assume how crucial they are for building far more demanding positive elements of peace political, economic and societal reconstruction of communities emerging from a war. What is fair and just in the periods of transition is not determined in a vacuum, but is forged against the affected societys backdrop of historical legacies of injustice which is the springboard for its imagination of transitional justice (Teitell 2000, 224). If exercised justice collides with this imagination of justice, transitional justice efforts risk falling into irrelevance or worse. Empirical evidences from various peace-building missions support this assumption since even those reconciliation efforts that come from the local civil societies tend to have rather limited success if truth and justice behind them are negatively perceived by affected communities (Andrieu 2010, Backer 2003, Rangelov 2015). Forgiveness and healing at which reconciliation aims are unthinkable in the societies which believe that exercised justice is unfair, partial, insufficient, and that it needs to be revised since their sense of justice prevents them from movingÂÂ   beyond negative coexistence (Bloomfield 2006, 14). Moreover, transitional justice which is widely perceived as unfair can even harm such cold peace between the communities previously in war. It is highly unlikely that transitional justice will have legitimizing and democratizing effect for implementing regimes (Loyle and Davenport 2015, 129) if people perceive transitional justice only as the legitimization of a new kind of repression (Stover, Megally and Mufti, 2005). Political entrepreneurs (Lemay-Hebert 2009, 28) who often appear in the aftermath of wars and during transition periods might try to manipulate these attitudes, fuel ethnocentric and nationalistic beliefs and reactions and further obstruct reconstruction efforts. Therefore, if transitional justice adds a new layer of already complex grievances among the rival communities, the process of change and redefinition of relationships between them (Ledarch 2001, 842) will hardly move towards mutual trust, empathy and harmony, but will rather be rebuilt on fear, suspicion and m utual accusations. Therefore, in fragile, post-conflict societies, the perception of justice is often as important as its delivery (Neuffer 2000, 340). However, regardless of how consistent these assumptions on the importance of perceptions of transitional justice might seem for the accomplishment of its ambitious aims, they must not at all be taken for granted. It would be naÃÆ'Â ¯ve to assume that widely-perceived-as-fair transitional justice necessarily leads to peaceful, democratic and reconciled societies. Not only do many other factors beside justice mechanisms play extremely important role in the transformation from war to peace, but perceptions of fairness themselves can be key spoilers of the real transition towards peace, democracy and reconciliation. What caused or, at least, justified the violence in the first place were those mass hostile attitudes fostered by the reservoirs of myths (King 2001, 167) of ethnic and national animosities (Kaufman 2006). If the exercised transitional justice is widely perceived as fair through these corrupted lenses, the nature of these positive attitudes needs to be considered with more attention. If these attitudes are based on the knowledge and acknowledgment of committed war crimes, they probably mean a step forward towards the aims of transitional justice. However if they are met at the expense of fairness of justice, they most likely undermine the prospects for profound transformation of the affected societies. Therefore, the relationship between the aims of transitional justice and the perceptions of affected communities in post-war transitions is extremely sensitive and complex, thus requiring a case-to-case examination. The Legacy of the ICTY More than Trials? 367 Academic debates on the legacy of the ICTY (established in May 1993 to try those responsible for violations of international humanitarian law committed in the territory of the former Yugoslavia since 1991 (United Nations 2009)) very well reflect the general debates on the role of transitional justice and the importance of the affected communities attitudes towards it. Despite a strong consensus on the ICTYs contribution to the development of international criminal justice (Steinberg 2011), the long-term impact of the ICTY on the communities in the region of former Yugoslavia remains largely disputed. Namely, even though the ICTY is a prosecutorial, retributive mechanism of transitional justice, the expectations out of it have been much greater than those from regular courts, and it has been ascribed with restorative potential from the very beginning (. The ICTY was, according to prevailing public opinion, supposed to contribute to the healing of communities in the Balkans and the reb uilding of their inter-communitarian ties. Although substantially unrealistic, these expectations did not emerge out of thin air since the founders of the ICTY indeed set high objectives at the Tribunal. According to the Statute of the ICTY, the primary objective of the tribunal was to prosecute persons responsible for serious violations of international humanitarian law, but also to contribute to the restoration and maintenance of peace and security in the region (UN 1993), which undoubtedly encompassed some of the restorative aims in addition to the regular prosecutorial aims of trials. Moreover, the record of the debate at the Security Council suggests that the seeds for another goal that of promoting reconciliation and good neighbourliness were planted at the ICTYs inception (Fletcher and Weinstein 2004, 36). Dealing with the way and the extent to which the perceptions of the ICTY influenced the effectiveness of its retributive and restorative efforts, we look for the answer to the concerns raised by the ICTY Judge Gabrielle Kirk McDonald, who, during her visit to Bosnia, faced a disappointing lack of knowledge and misunderstanding of the Tribunals work among the local populations. You know, I am wondering if this is all worth it. Im wondering if what we are doing at the Tribunal is worthwhile, she said (Neuffer 2000, 354). ICTY Retributive Efforts Preventing New War Crimes 1070 Indicating 161 alleged war criminals (ICTY 2016), most of whom have already been convicted, the ICTY has undoubtedly developed and impressive body of jurisprudence and louder and clearer than ever announced the end of impunity for those who commit war crimes. Nevertheless, the very existence and work of the ICTY have never been favourably regarded in the countries where its deterrent effects should have been most pronounced (Dimitrijevic 2009, 83) since it has been met with great suspicion, disapproval and resistance by the majority of people in the Western Balkans. Despite the fact that the ICTY was established to punish war crimes of all sides to the conflict in comparison to the very limited, even discriminatory mandate of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (Loyle and Davenport 2015) its legitimacy in the region has remained remarkably low among all three communities with 71% of people in Serbia, 84% in Republika Srpska, 64% in Croatia and 39% in Federation having su m negative attitudes towards the ICTY almost twenty years after its establishment (Milanovic 2016, 240). The Serbs view the ICTY as a political anti-Serb tribunal, as a one more instrument of the Western powers whose purpose is to dispense victors justice and blame the Serbs for all the atrocities in the wars (Obradovic-Wochnik 2009; Dimirijevic 2009; Saxon 2006). The Croats believe that the Tribunal unacceptably equates the guilt of the Serbs and the Croats, making a massive wound on Croatias body by trying the best of all Croatian sons and thus attacking on the dignity and the legitimacy of the Homeland War (Dimitrijevic 2009, 84; Peskin and Boduszynski 2003, 1117; Jovic 2009, 15). Finally, the ICTY is a mixed bag (Saxon 2006, 564) of hopes and disappointments for the Muslim community which appreciates the ICTYs so far efforts and achievements, but at the same time considers them slow, mild and insufficient (Milanovic 2016, 242). Root causes of these attitudes are multitude and ar e beyond the scope of this analysis. However, what is important to notice is that even though the ICTY has done a remarkable job, in the eyes of the affected communities that job has remained somewhere else and the ICTY has become a world unto itself (Fletcher and Weinstein 2004, 33). Consequently, its negative image has hindered the efficiency of its sentences and undermined its pedagogical role in changing the attitudes towards war crimes in the region. If retributive efforts of the ICTY were successful, all sides would be ready to admit the crimes committed by their communities and recognize the victims of others sides, realizing that exercised violence should have never happened and must never be repeated. However, since significant parts among all the communities do not believe that the trials were fair and do not believe in what was established in the judgements (Milanovic 2016, 242), their persistence of their attitudes towards committed war crimes come as no surprise. Despite the extant of the facts established in front of the ICTY, they are still perceived through the lenses of nationalistic and ethnocentric narratives and myths full of self-victimhood and denial of its wrongdoings (Milanovic 2016, 243). For instance, 75.9% of Serbs and 76.2% of Croats in Bosnia believe that the members of their own community fought a defensively oriented war (Kostic 2012, 655), 74% Serbs and 43% of Croats believe that their communities were the greatest victims (Milanovic, 2016, 243-244), while only 5% of Serbs and 0.4% of Croats think that their coethnics were the greatest perpetrators (Milanovic, 2016, 243-244), even though neither of these communities had the largest number of victims or the smallest number of victimizers according to the facts established by the ICTY and the domestic courts. The lack of the recognition of war crimes is maintained through the lack of the knowledge of the facts on these crimes, which is from its side maintained through the ignorance and refusal of the justice, perceived as unfair. Many surveys show that the facts, evidences and judgements which the ICTY has made available to the public have been routinely rejected and have not influenced the attitudes these communities have towards the committed crimes (Obradovic-Wochnik 2009, 34). Moreover, perceived as unjust and unfair, the truth on war crimes which the ICTY aimed to reveal has given new impulses to old truths rooted in each of th e communities and manipulated by their greedy political leaders the truths which have throughout the history of the region justified even the worst atrocities and turned them into the acts of national heroism. The fact that the justice exercised in front of the ICTY is not owned by the locals since it has not made them recognize the victims of other sides or admit the crimes committed in the name of and by their own side, indeed limits the deterring capacity of the ICTY to a rather modest range. Nevertheless, it would be against the grain to claim that the retributive efforts of the ICTY have not been real and observable, nor is that the aim of this paper. Without the ICTY and the pressure of the international community, not only that the high-ranking political and military leaders from the region would have ever been tried, but even the persecutions of mid- or low-level offenders before the national courts of these states would be less likely. Therefore, we do not claim that the ICTYs retributive efforts have completely failed, but question their scope due to the low legitimacy of the ICTY among the communities in the region of the former Yugoslavia. There is no doubt that the main retributive aim of transitional justice the prevention of similar wrongdoings in future would have been achieved with greater certainty if the exercised justice were perceived as fair. The ICTY has failed twice already to deter the commission of war crimes in the Yugoslav conflicts since some o f the worst atrocities were committed after the establishment of the Tribunal first in Bosnia in the period from 1993 to 1995, and then in Kosovo in the period from 1998 to1999. Unfortunately, media reports on the crowds and government officials in Croatia welcoming Blaskic, or in Bosnia welcoming Krajisnik and Plavsic, or in Serbia welcoming Ojdanic and Lazarevic all convicted war criminals suggest that the legalistic fairness and retributive efforts of the ICTY have failed to root out dangerous attitudes these communities have towards war crimes. ICTY Restorative Efforts Preventing New Wars 931 The above mentioned surveys show that even though the negative peace among the Serbs, Croats and Bosniaks has been preserved for the last twenty years, their war on truth is far from an end despite all the ICTYs efforts and achievements (Hodzic 2015). The capacity of the ICTY to bring peace to these memory wars and put the former enemies on the path of reconciliation is considerably limited by its low credibility among the targeted audiences. In 2005, strikingly small 16.7% of people in Bosnia perceived the trials at the Tribunal as fair and only 26% of them believed that these trials were a precondition for just peaceful and normal relations in the region (Kostic 2012, 659). The disappointment among all three ethnic groups with fairness and relevance of the ICTY further increased by 2010 (Kostic 2012, 659). Hence, the relationship between the local populace and the Tribunal a crucial dimension for its success (Fletcher and Weinstein 2004, 44) has remained weak, limiting its contri bution to peace, stability and reconciliation in the Balkans. Perceived as unfair, the ICTY has had little chances to change the way the past is integrated and spoken between the Serbs, Bosniaks and Croats, to reconcile their contradictory versions of the truth, and to incentivize them to base their relationships on the present instead of the past (Hayner 2011). The public discourse which especially in Republika Srpska, Serbia and Croatia securitized the ICTY as an unfair political court pushed the ICTY into a transitional justice security dilemma among the Serbs, Croats and Bosniaks in which every side believed that the conviction of its nationals represented a threat to its societal security. This created a wall of risky indifference, silence and denial between these communities and the Tribunal, so the ICTY operates in a bias-driven downward spiral the more it challenges rooted nationalist narratives of each side, the more likely that it will generate distrust, and hence less likely that it will be perceived as fair (Milanovic 2016, 259). Not considered fair, hardly can it contribute to sustainable peace, democracy and reconciliation in the region. Moreover, the negative attitudes towards the ICTY have been often misused against reconciliation the very thing which transitional justice aims to foster. Democratically elected leaders in the region have been manipulating peoples perceptions of the ICTY from the very beginning, passing them through cognitive and emotional filters of prior beliefs and attitudes of these communities, thus preserving national narratives full of competitive victimhood (Subotic 2011, Dimitrijevic 2008, Jovic 2009, Fischer and Simic 2016). This has been particularly evident in election campaigns of national political elites of all three communities, who would mobilize this resentment in order to score cheap political points. For instance, trying to recover from what seemed to be a disastrous loss of support in 2000-2001 and prepare for the parliamentary elections in 2003, the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) organised massive public protests against the ICTY and the indictment against noble Mirko Norac (t he General of the Croatian Army who was later convicted for war crimes), sometimes gathering more than 150.000 supporters (Jovic 2009, 15). It was by its sharp criticism of the ICTY that the HDZ reinvented itself and staged a quick comeback by taking a convincing victory in 2003 (Jovic 2009, 16). The most recent example is the Serbian Radical Party which regained its political influence and power by re-entering the Parliament after years of decreasing popular support. The most important reason for such development is the acquittal of its leader Vojislav Seselj before the ICTY, which was framed as his victory over The Hague by the Serbian radicals and the media close to them (Nikolic 2016). Many people in Serbia perceived this as a kind of correction of injustice imposed to the Serbian people by the Tribunal and the West. Therefore, the ICTY has over the years served as deus ex machina to many political actors in the region. However, these assumptions do not outspeak the main counter-argument that the situation in regards to peace and reconciliation in the region would have been worse had it not been for the ICTY. Even if some indictments or verdicts were perceived as unfair by the coethnics of alleged or condemned war criminals, the fact that they were removed from the post-Yugoslav political scene was already a significant contribution to the regional peace and security. Providing the opportunity for many victims to talk about their sufferings for the first time, the ICTY has undoubtedly open the way for a long and difficult process of reconciliation among the Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs. Nonetheless, this paper aims to emphasize that the efforts of the ICTY in combatting denial and preventing attempts at revisionism (ICTY) and its capacity to make it impossible for anyone to dispute the reality of the horrors that took place (ICTY), would have been much more successful if the exercised justice had bee n perceived as fair by the affected communities. The anniversaries of the worst war crimes in the region from the Srebrenica genocide, over the Vukovar massacre, to the Operations Flash and Storm every year warn how shallowly the hatchets were buried and how far positive peace and reconciliation seem to be despite all the truth-seeking and truth-telling at hundreds of trials. The justice that these trials brought remained trapped in the unfavourable perceptions of these communities. Nevertheless, risking returning to the very beginning and compromising our main claim, we cannot resist but raise a new question: Could the ICTY ever been perceived as fair by the Serbs, Croats and Bosniaks? (In)Surmountable Weakness? 666 Aiming to serve to all the survivors of mass violence (Shaw and Wladorf 2000, 3) direct victims, direct victimizers and members of both victim and offender communities -transitional justice in post-war societies addresses diverse audiences with considerably different experiences and interests that decisively shape their attitudes towards the exercised justice. Even though we have shown that negative attitudes towards transitional justice limit its accomplishments, we need to raise rather than answer at least two new questions. The most fundamental issue is how realistic it actually is to expect from all the sides in conflict to agree with exercised transitional justice and perceive it as fair (Bloomfield 2006, 20). When large-scale violence is committed, the way people perceive justice is not shaped only by their own suffering, but by the suffering of all members of the group they belong to since their membership in that group is what made them victims in the first place. Since no transitional justice mechanism is capable to punish all wrongdoings, even the best one will be insufficiently fair for the affected communities. This is especially problematic after civil wars when groups in conflict were often both victimized and acted as victimizers (Kaminski, Nalepa and ONeill 2006, 301), while after the war every side simply wants to see its own needs for justice met, not caring, even denying victims of the other side. The strong notion of reconciliation further fuels the distrust of former enemies

Sphere :: essays research papers

Sphere Brief Plot Summary: The military discovers a spaceship at the bottom of the ocean. A team is sent down to investigate and gets stuck down there due to a storm on the surface. A sphere is discovered inside the ship, made by an alien species. People go into the sphere and it gives them the power to create things with their minds. They realize this power is too powerful and that mankind isn’t ready for it. So they use this power to forget everything about the ship. Brief Character Description: Norman Johnson-53-year-old psychology professor, the last choice to be on the team because of his age. He’s always evaluating the mental stability of the team members. Harry Adams-A mathematician. The only black member, he thinks everyone is discriminating against him. He cracks the alien code. Beth Halpern-The team zoologist, due to bad experiences with men she doesn’t trust them. Doesn’t always think things through. Theme: There are many very intelligent animals on our planet, but the thing that sets ups apart from them is our ability to imagine thins. We can imagine something and then strive to accomplish it. We just don’t realize how powerful or important that ability is. Last Comments: I was surprised at how much the author discussed complicated matters. He mentions space-time and how we could theoretically travel in time. He talks about the â€Å"anthropomorphic problem† of how we assume that aliens would have the same thought process as humans. He also talks a lot about psychology and the human mind. Question: 1) What kind of sea creature attacks the habitat? –A giant squid 2) What power did the sphere give to people? –The ability to manifest things with their minds

Federal programs Essay

Throughout the twentieth century, Congress has established a great number of federal programs administered by agencies within the Executive Branch. Through this process of a wide-ranging allocation of authority to the executive Branch, Congress has assisted in creating a massive Federal Bureaucracy. The relationship of Congress to the Executive Branch today must therefore be seen in terms of its relation to this Bureaucracy, as well as its relation to the Presidency. In order to gain some control over the operations of the various agencies which had been established within the Executive Branch, in 1946 congress began to develop a sequence of configurations and procedures designed to manage the Administration. This process was also known as congressional oversight. There are several methods through which congressional misunderstanding operations take place: the committee process, congressional administrative offices, casework, as well as a number of administrative practices. Where the congressional oversight functions take place, there are three types of committees: authorizations committees, appropriations committees, and governmental operations committees. The first type of committee is the functional committee which initially establishes or authorizes the program or agency. In the case of a military program, this would be the Armed Services Committees in both chambers. ‘In the case of an urban program, this would be the Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs Committee in the House and the Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs Committee in the Senate. Similarly, each program area within the Federal Bureaucracy is related to at least one specific substantive standing committee in each chamber of Congress. ’ (Issa, 2011) In attempting to follow the oversight activities through these authorization committees, a number of complications are often encountered. One of these is the result from the fact that a particular governmental agency may fall within the authority of several different practical committees or subcommittees. As a result, the agency may play ‘one committee or subcommittee against the other in order to achieve those results in Congress which tend to benefit the agency the most. (Office of The Law Revision Counsel, 2012) Another problem is that a committee which establishes a program is often too involved with the outcome of its own efforts to be willing to investigate adequately the operations of the program it has initiated. One of the most substantial places where an amount of oversight activity takes place is in the appropriations process. The budget for an agency must be approved anew each year. ’ One might assume that this yearly appropriations process would lead to a careful annual inspection of the budgets of all the various governmental agencies. (Issa, 2011) This is not the case. The federal budget is so great and compound that it is impossible to consider carefully the budget of each agency and program on a year-to-year basis. What happens instead is that budgets are often routinely approved from year to year with general reviews only occurring sporadically. In addition, many agencies develop quite close relationships with the subcommittees of the Appropriations Committees which spe cifically deal with their agency. These agencies are therefore often able to abstract some special favors from these particular appropriations subcommittees. The Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs and the House Committee on Governmental Reform were initially established to manage congressional concern over governmental processes. Thus, many see these committees as an ideal place for maintaining congressional observation over the activities of the vast Bureaucracy located within the Executive Branch. However, because of jurisdictional differences and because of the hesitancy of most representatives and senators to provide for satisfactory independent oversight activities, the efforts of these governmental operations committees have been quite restricted. The three administrative offices within Congress are used to some extent in the congressional oversight process. The General Accounting Office, The GAO has the accountability, not simply for performing accounting audits, but also for judging how various programs are being managed. In other words, the GAO often performs the task of program assessment. The GAO plays a significant role in congressional oversight. The Congressional Research Service, while preparing reports and studies to assist members of Congress, the CRS sometimes includes some information on the activities and routines of various governmental agencies. This is another important source of oversight information for members of Congress. The Congressional Budget Office gathers information on the budgets of the various governmental agencies and to report on new budgetary requirements and propositions that are made through the Executive Branch’s Office of Management and Budget. Budgetary information is an extremely important source of data upon which the various congressional committees can judge the effectiveness of specific governmental programs. Granting, the information gathered by the CBO may seem to permit for substantial congressional oversight, the fact is that it is the agencies that often use this informational link for their own purposes in pursuing their requests for additional funding directly to the congressional committee, instead of directing all their communications through the OMB. This short circuits the use of the OMB as one of the President’s management tools. Efficiency, from an overall standpoint, we can see that these three congressional offices. The General Accounting Office, the Congressional Research Services, and the Congressional Budget Office combined with the staffs of individual congresspersons and senators and the staffs of congressional committees are able to supply our national legislators with vast amounts of information and evaluations of governmental activities. ‘In fact, the United States Congress has available to it one of the most extensive research staffs of any national legislature in the world. ’ (Issa, 2011) Nevertheless, the availability of information and study alone is not sufficient for effective congressional oversight. The desire to follow through on this available information is another necessary ingredient and it is this ingredient which is often lacking. Many times congressional oversight is limited by the worries of various congressional committees and subcommittees over their particular jurisdictions and in a substantial number of instances, the burdens of organized special interests also interfere with the ability or wishes of members of Congress to significantly oversee governmental operations. Aside from these problems, there are also the boundaries of time. Congresspersons are loaded with extremely dense schedules. They have a large number of often conflicting responsibilities to perform. Representatives and senators must therefore place priorities on the use of their time. Often oversight activities lose in this shamble of priorities to legislative activities, to the creation of new programs to deal with current problems, and to casework concerns. Representatives and senators, themselves, do not usually become directly involved in much casework or fundamental services. It is their staff that deals with these matters. However, representatives and senators are usually informed by their staffs of many of these problems, and it is through these specific interactions that these legislators often get the most intense impression as to the effectiveness of many governmental programs. Casework thus provides an important source of direct, specific information which proves very useful in congressional oversight activities. Congress has also passed some major reforms and reconnoitered a number of major legislative techniques, many of which have had the effect of enlightening congressional oversight. Sunshine Laws. During the 1970s, Congress attempted to open up many facets of governmental operations to the general public. This was done through the Freedom of Information Act and the â€Å"Government in Sunshine† Act. By making information more broadly available to the public, these acts also increase the amount of information available to Congress. The Congressional Veto. Very often Congress passes rather broad pieces of legislation. It is then up to specific agencies to fill in the details of these laws, both with regard to the building of governmental agencies and the processes which they follow. One might note for example that while Congress passes general tax laws, the details of the regulations regarding the payment of federal taxes is to be found not in the tax law itself but rather in the Internal Revenue Code which is developed by the Internal Revenue Service, which is an executive agency. The problem that were presented by the executive agencies developing a great many regulations or codes is that the only way Congress is able to affect these details is through the passage of new legislative acts. As we have seen, this is often a burdensome and prolonged process. In order to avoid this, Congress now writes into some authorization bills requirements for a congressional veto. According to this procedure, when an agency disseminates rules filling in the details of congressional legislation, Congress automatically has the power within a specific time period to veto some of these rules and to demand that the agency fill in the details in a different way. The important thing is that Congress can do this without having to go through the process of passing a new law. Although this procedure is rarely used, it does offer the prospective for a far greater legislative control over the procedures by which the Bureaucracy operates. Sunset Legislation. In starting governmental programs or agencies, Congress usually sets no time limit on the functioning of the program or agency. Since the 1970s, a practice developed by which Congress authorizes the existence of a program or agency for only a inadequate amount of time. In other words, Congress specifies a date by which the agency or program will conclude to function. In order for the agency to continue its operations after that time, a new bill must be passed allowing its continued existence for another specified period of time. This practice is obviously intended to avert the continued existence of agencies or programs which no longer meet a legitimate need or which fail to meet a legitimate need effectively. A dissimilarity on sunset legislation is the procedure of annual authorization. According to this procedure, the continued existence of governmental agency must be approved on a year-to-year basis. While this practice obviously creates tremendous difficulties in the ability of such an agency to engage in long-term planning, it does suggestively increase the potential effectiveness of congressional control. ‘Zero Based Budgeting (ZBB). Zero Based Budgeting is a technique through which administrators must carefully justify their entire agencies’ budgets. Zero based budgeting requires a continual top-to-bottom assessment of all agencies’ programs designed to insure their cost effectiveness. ’ (Issa, 2011) We can see that many structures and techniques have been developed to allow Congress to be more effective in its oversight activities. However, jurisdictional disputes and pressures from various well organized special interests continue to prevent these new techniques and sources of information from being used effectively. In many occurrences, the actual nature and effect of government policy depends less on the actions of our elected officials than it does on the activities of non-elected bureaucrats who often remain totally immune from the pressures of the general public–although not necessarily from those of well-organized special interests. One of the major political issues determining our national future is the question of how well our government is able to represent effectively the needs and desires of the American people. As we have noted, the role of Congress as a representative of the people was one of the most important functions of this â€Å"first branch† of government envisioned by the Founders when they drafted the Constitution. However, the many new needs which our national government has had to meet in this century have placed this role of representation under great stress.